수동태란? 자동사/타동사, 능동태, 조동사수동태, 수동태 부정/의문, 수동태의 시제

자동사 vs 타동사

 

동사는 ‘자동사’와 ‘타동사’로 나누어진다.

목적어가 없는 동사를 「자동사」라고 한다.

 

I	go	to school.
주어	자동사	부사(구)

 

 

목적어를 가지는 동사를 「타동사」라고 한다. 목적어가 있는 문장은 수동태가 존재한다.

 

I	write	a novel.
주어	타동사	목적어

 

‘I write a novel 나는 소설을 쓴다’라는 문장에는 'a novel'이라는 목적어가 있으므로 write는 타동사이다.

 

능동태와 수동태

주어가 동작을 하는 주체인지 아니면 동작을 받는 대상인지에 따라 문장은 능동태와 수동태로 나누어진다. 

위의 문장처럼 행위를 하는 사람이 주어이고 행위의 대상이 되는 사물이 목적어이면 능동태이다. 한국어는 대부분 능동태로 표현한다. 그러나 영어에서는 행위의 대상이 되는 목적어를 중심으로 표현할 때가 많다. 이 때 목적어가 주어로 바뀌면서 목적어로 문장을 시작하는 수동태가 된다. 목적어가 주어가 되어 문장의 제일 앞으로 가면서, 행동을 당하는 대상[목적어] 중심으로 문장이 서술된다. 이 때 타동사는 과거분사로 바뀌고 앞에 be동사가 오게 된다.  

 

「타동사 ⇨ be동사 + 과거분사[p.p.]」

 

write	⇨	is	written
타동사		be동사	과거분사[p.p.]

 

주어[행동의 주체]는 ‘by+ 목적격’로 나타내어 문장의 맨 뒤로 간다.

 

능동태	I	write	a novel.
	주어	타동사	목적어
수동태	A novel	is written	by me.
	주어 [← 목적어]	be + 과거분사(p.p.)	by + 목적격 [←주어]

 

 

수동태는 어떤 동작이나 행위의 대상[목적어]이 주어로 바뀌는 구조로, 「주어 + be동사 + 과거분사(p.p.) + by + 행위자」의 형태로 쓰고 ‘(~에 의해) …되다’라고 해석한다. 

 

수동태와 능동태 서술어의 해석

능동태	~하다
수동태	~되다[하여지다]

 

 

 

수동태 문장 만드는 법

수동태 공식: be + pp.

 

주어 + 동사 + 목적어

→ 주어(로 변한 목적어) + be동사 + 과거분사 + by + 목적격 ( <- 주어)

 

  

능동태

주어 + 동사[타동사] + 목적어 의 순서로, ‘~주어가 ~을 (능동적으로) 하다’의 뜻이다.

 

My family love me. 

He wrote this story.

 

수동태

주어 + be동사 + 과거분사 + by 목적격(능동태의 원래 주어[행위자]) 의 순서로, ‘주어(능동태의 목적어)가 (행위자)에 의해 ~되다’ 라는 뜻이다. ‘by 행위자’는 경우에 따라 생략할 수 있다.

 

This story was written by him.

I am loved by my family. 수동태

 

Someone stole my bag in the subway.

My bag was stolen in the subway (by someone). 수동태

 

We built this city. (능동태)

This city was built by us. (수동태)

 

My brother paints this picture.

→ This picture is painted by my brother.

I send a letter.

→ A letter is sent by me .

She opens the door.

→ The door is opened by her.

He gives me the book.

→ The book is given to me by him.

Everyone loves Cathy.

→ Cathy  is loved by everyone.

James breaks the window.

→ The window is broken by James .

The news surprises me.

→ I am surprised at the news.

My sister makes these cookies.

→ These cookies are made by my sister.

She knows him as a nice man.

→ He is known as a nice man by her.

The student asks the question.

→ The question is asked by the student.

Most people use these tools.

→ These tools are used by most people .

My mother cooks the food.

→ The food is cooked by my mother .

A young girl reads the novel.

→ The novel is read by a young girl.

 

 

 

수동태의 수 [단수 / 복수] 와 시제

 

수동태의 ‘be동사 + 과거분사’에서

be동사 부분이 변화하면서 수와 시제를 나타내고, 과거분사(p.p.) 부분은 변하지 않는다.

 

현재시제와 수 [단수 / 복수]

be 동사( am/ are / is ) + 과거분사

 

She plays the piano. 그녀는 피아노를 연주한다.

→ The piano is played by her. 그 피아노는 그녀에 의해 연주된다.

 

He writes this novel. 그가 이 소설을 쓴다. 

→  This novel is written by him. 이 소설은 그에 의해 쓰여진다.

 

Its members clean the clubroom. 이 클럽실은 멤버들에 의해서 청소된다.

→  The clubroom is cleaned by its members. 

 

He teaches science.

→ Science is taught by him.

 

과거시제와 수 [단수 / 복수]

be동사( was/were ) + 과거분사

 

He opened the door. 그는 그 문을 열었다.

→ The door was opened by him. 그 문은 그에 의해 열려졌다.

 

The man painted this picture in 1953.

→ This picture was by the man in 1953.

She closed the door.

→ The door was closed by her.

White snow covered the land.

→ The land was covered by white snow.

He brought the cookies yesterday.

→ The cookies were brought by him yesterday.

Jim played computer games last night.

→ Computer games were played by Jim last night.

He gave three dolls to her.

→ Three dolls were given to her by him.

They cleaned their room.

→ Their room was cleaned by them.

They discovered gold in California.

→ Gold was discovered in California.

My friend found this.

→ This was found by my friend.

James caught a ball.

→ A ball was caught by James.

 

This novel was written by him. 이 소설은 그에 의해 쓰여졌다.

 

The statue was cleaned in 1999. 그 동상은 1999년에 청소된 적 있다.

 

Something was written on its back.
뭔가가 그것의 등에 적혀 있었다.

주어 Something이 동사(write)의 대상이 되므로 「be동사+과거분사」(was written) 형태의 수동태로 쓰였다. 이때 수동태 뒤의 on its back은 Something이 쓰여진 장소를 나타내는 부사구로, 「by+목적격」으로 표현하는 행위의 주체는 생략되어 있다

 

The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
《모나리자》는 레오나르도 다빈치에 의해 그려졌다.

was painted 다음에 「by+행위자」인 by Leonardo da Vinci가 쓰인 수동태 문장으로, Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있다.

 

Rome was not built in a day.
로마는 하루 안에 만들어지지 않았다.

로마가 스스로 만들어진 것이 아니라 사람들에 의해 만들어진 것이므로 수동태(was not built)로 쓰였다. 수동태는 「be동사+과거분사+by+행위자」의 형태를 취한다. 이 문장처럼 행위자가 일반인이거나 특정하게 거론할 필요가 없다면 「by+행위자(목적격)」을 굳이 쓰지 않아도 된다.

 

미래시제 와 수 [단수 / 복수]

 

will be  + 과거분사

 

I will do the work. 내가 그 일을 할 것이다.

→ The work will be done by me. 그 일은 나에 의하여 이루어 질 것이다.

 

This novel will be written by him. 이 소설은 그에 의해 쓰여질 것이다.

 

The statue will be repaired in 10 years. 그 동상은 10년 후에 수리될 것이다.

 

Lisa will play the piano in the concert hall.

→ The piano will be played by Lisa in the concert hall.

 

We will provide high-quality service

→ High-quality service will be provided by us.

 

She will invite many friends to the birthday party.

→ Many friends will be invited by her to the birthday party.

 

My brother will send a letter to my friend.

→ A letter will be sent to my friend by my brother.

 

 

현재완료형과 수 [단수 / 복수]

주어 + have(has) + been + 과거분사 + by ~

완료형 수동태의 동사 부분

‘have + been 과거분사’에서

have 부분이 변화하면서 시제를 나타내고, been 과거분사 부분은 변하지 않는다.

 

The police have arrested two men. 경찰이 두 명을 검거했다.

 

-> Two men have been arrested by the police.

We have played baseball for many years.

-> Baseball has been played for many years.

● 주어의 수와 시제에 따라 has 혹은 have가 결정됨.

 

Our life has been changed by the Internet. 우리의 생활은 인터넷에 의해 변화해 왔다.

Many novels have been written by him. (현재완료수동태) 많은 소설들이 그에 의해 쓰여져왔다.

● 현재 시제에서 주어의 수에 따라 have/has 결정.

 

 

진행형과 수 [단수 / 복수]

 

be동사 + being + 과거분사 + by ~

 

현재진행형과 수 [단수 / 복수]

 

주어 + be동사 + being + 과거분사 + by ~

진행형 수동태의 동사 부분

‘be동사 + being 과거분사’에서

be동사 부분이 변화하면서 시제를 나타내고, being 과거분사 부분은 변하지 않는다.

 

 

They are printing the book.

-> The book is being printed by them. 책은 지금 인쇄중이다. (현재진행형의 수동태)

 

Susan is making dinner. 수잔이 저녁을 하고 있다.

-> Dinner is being made by Suzan. 저녁은 수잔에 의해서 만들어 지고 있다.

(현재진행형의 수동태)

 

 

과거진행형과 수 [단수 / 복수]

 

Some trees were being cut. 나무들이 잘려지고 있었다. (과거 진행형의 수동태)

 

The cat was being chased. 그 고양이는 쫓기고 있었다.

Some trees were being cut. 나무들이 잘려지고 있었다.

 

He was being pulled into the sea by Siren. 그는 사이렌(바다요정)에 의해 바다로 끌려들어가고 있었다. (과거 진행형의 수동태)

 

 

 

능동문

The news surprises them.

The news surprised them.

The news will surprise them.

The news has surprised them.

The news is surprising them.

 

수동문

They are surprised by the news.

They were surprised by the news.

They will be surprised by the news.

They have been surprised by the news.

They are being surprised by the news.

 

 

 

조동사가 있는 문장의 수동태

주어 + 조동사 + be동사 + 과거분사

주어와 관계없이 be동사는 항상 원형을 쓴다.

 

You must finish this work by 7. 넌 7시까지 이 일을 반드시 끝내야 한다.

 

→ This work must be finished by 7 by you. 이 일은 7시까지는 끝내져야 한다.

 

Children should be taught to respect their elders.         아이들은 어른을 존경하도록 가르쳐야 한다

→ 조동사가 있는 수동태는 「조동사+be+과거분사」의 형태로 쓴다

 

 

현재	A novel is written by me.
	Novels are written by me.
과거	A novel was written by me.
	Novels were written by me.
미래	A novel will be written by me.
	Novels will be written by me.
현재완료	A novel has been written by me.
	Novels have been written by me.
현재진행	A novel is being written by me.
	Novels are being written by me.
과거진행	A novel was being written by me.
	Novels were being written by me.
조동사가 있는 수동태	A novel must be written by me.
	Novels must be written by me.

 

 

 

수동태의 부정문과 의문문

 

수동태의 부정문

수동태의 부정문은 be동사 뒤에 not을 붙인다.

주어 + be동사 + not + 과거분사

조동사가 있는 경우에는 주어 + 조동사 + not + be + 과거분사의 순서이다.

 The window can’t[can not] be opened.                       그 창문은 열 수 없다

→ 조동사가 있는 수동태의 부정문은 「조동사+not+be+과거분사」의 형태로 쓴다

 

My bike was fixed by my father.                       내 자전거는 아버지에 의해 고쳐졌다.

My bike was not fixed by my father.                내 자전거는 아버지에 의해 고쳐지지 않았다.

 

The room is not cleaned by me. 이 방은 나에 의해 청소되지 않는다.

Alcohol should not be taken together with the pill. 술을 이 약과 같이 먹으면 안 된다.

 

My room is not cleaned yet. 내 방은 아직 청소되지 않고 있다.

Plan X should not be taken too early. X 계획은 너무 빨리 실행되어져선 안 된다.

 

 

수동태의 의문문

Be 동사 + 주어 + 과거분사 ~ ? be동사가 문장 맨 앞에 위치한다.

조동사가 있는 경우에는 조동사 + 주어 + be + 과거분사 ~?의 형태이다.

 

You found the book. 능동태

-> The book was found by you. 수동태

-> Was the book found by you? 의문문 그 책은 너에 의해 발견되었니?

 

Was the package delivered to the address? 그 짐은 그 주소로 배달되었니?

Can this project be completed by tomorrow? 내일까지 이 프로젝트가 완성될 수 있을까?

 

Was my bike fixed by my father?                                  내 자전거는 아버지에 의해 고쳐졌니?

→ Yes/No 의문문의 수동태는 주어와 be동사의 위치를 바꾼다.

When was my bike fixed by my father?                         언제 내 자전거가 아버지에 의해 고쳐졌니?

→ 의문사가 있는 의문문의 수동태는 「의문사+be동사+주어+과거분사~?」의 형태로 쓴다.

 

 

  

부정문

 

현재시제

A novel is not written by me.

Novels are not written by me.

 

과거시제

A novel was not written by me.

Novels were not written by me.

 

미래시제

A novel will not be written by me.

Novels will not be written by me.

 

현재완료

A novel has not been written by me.

Novels have not been written by me.

 

현재진행

A novel is not being written by me.

Novels are not being written by me.

 

과거진행

A novel was not being written by me.

Novels were not being written by me.

 

조동사가 있는 부정문

A novel must not be written by me.

Novels must not be written by me.

 

 

의문문

 

현재

A novel is written by me.

Is A novel written by me.

What is written by me.

 

Novels are written by me.

Are Novels written by me.

What are written by me.

 

과거

A novel was written by me.

Was A novel written by me.

What was written by me.

 

Novels were written by me.

Were Novels written by me.

What were written by me.

 

미래

A novel will be written by me.

Will A novel be written by me.

What will be written by me.

 

Novels will be written by me.

Will Novels be written by me.

What will be written by me.

 

현재완료

A novel has been written by me.

Has A novel been written by me.

What has been written by me.

 

Novels have been written by me.

Have Novels been written by me.

What have been written by me.

 

현재진행

A novel is being written by me.

Is A novel being written by me.

What is being written by me.

 

Novels are being written by me.

Are Novels being written by me.

What are being written by me.

 

과거진행

A novel was being written by me.

Was A novel being written by me.

What was being written by me.

 

Novels were being written by me.

Were Novels being written by me.

What were being written by me.

 

 

조동사가 있는 의문문

A novel must be written by me.

Must A novel be written by me.

What must be written by me.

 

Novels must be written by me.

Must Novels be written by me.

What must be written by me.

 

 

수동태로 쓸 수 없는 동사

 

목적어를 가질 수 없는 자동사 (become, go, have 등)는 수동태를 만들 수 없다.

자동사는 목적어가 없기 때문에 수동태도 없다.

 

목적어(행위의 대상)가 없는 자동사: occur, happen, arrive, die, appear, smell..

 

The accident happened yesterday.

(was happened) X

These flowers smell good.

(are smelled) X

 

‘소유’, ‘상태’를 나타내는 타동사: have, fit, lack, resemble, suit

타동사 중에도 수동태를 만들 수 없는 동사가 있다. 소유나 상태를 나타내는 동사는 주어가 목적어에 미치는 행위가 없기 때문에 행위를 당하는 대상을 강조하는 수동태가 존재하지 않는다.

 

Tom has a nice house.

(A nice house is had by Tom.) X

He resembles his father.

(His father is resembled by him.) X